(Jul-2025) H12-821_V1.0 Exam Dumps Contains FREE Real Quesions from the Actual Exam [Q132-Q154]

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(Jul-2025) H12-821_V1.0 Exam Dumps Contains FREE Real Quesions from the Actual Exam [Q132-Q154]

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(Jul-2025) H12-821_V1.0 Exam Dumps Contains FREE Real Quesions from the Actual Exam

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NEW QUESTION 132
Which of the following values is the Reserved/Circuit Type field in the IIH packets sent by a Level-1-2 router on an IS-IS network?

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
* Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) routers send IS-to-IS Hello (IIH) packets to establish neighbor relationships.
* The Reserved/Circuit Type field in IIH packets indicates which level of IS-IS adjacency the router is trying to establish:
* 00 # Level-0 (Not used in IS-IS).
* 01 # Level-1 router.
* 10 # Level-2 router.
* 11 # Level-1-2 router (Both levels supported).
* Since the question asks for the field value in an L1-L2 router’s IIH packets, the correct answer is 11 (B).
# Reference: Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, IS-IS Neighbor Discovery and IIH Packet Format.

NEW QUESTION 133
In addition to a route reflector, the confederation is another method that reduces the number of IBGP connections in an AS.
Which of the following statements are true about the confederation technology? (Choose all that apply)

This technology is applicable to large-scale networks.

Special EBGP connections are established among sub-ASs in a confederation, and the sub-ASs need to be fully meshed.

All member devices in a confederation need to be reconfigured.

The logical topology does not need to be changed when a confederation is used.

A is correct- Confederations arespecifically designed for large-scale BGP deploymentswhere a full IBGP mesh is impractical.
B is correct- Sub-ASs within a confederation establishEBGP-like connectionsbetween each other but behave like IBGP within the overall AS. These sub-ASsdo not require full-mesh inside the confederation, but EBGP rules are followed between sub-ASs.
C is false-Not all devices need to be reconfigured. Devices within the same sub-AS retain normal IBGP behavior and minimal changes.
D is correct- Confederation istransparent to external peers, so thelogical topology remains the samefrom outside the AS.
Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:
“BGP confederation divides an AS into multiple sub-ASs. EBGP-like sessions are established between sub- ASs, while reducing IBGP mesh complexity. The external AS still sees the AS as one unit.” (Chapter: BGP Scalability Enhancements – Section: Confederation)

NEW QUESTION 134
A filter named si is configured on a device using the as-path-filter command and is applied to a specified BGP peer. The detailed configurations are as follows:
csharp
Copy
[SW1] ip as-path-filter si permit _65500$
[SW1] bgp 65100
[SW1-bgp] ipv4-family unicast
[SW1-bgp-af-ipv4] peer 10.1.1.2 as-path-filter si import
After the configuration is complete, which of the following statements is true about the way the local device processes the routes received from the peer?

It accepts only the routes whose AS_Path contains AS 65500.

It accepts only the routes originated from AS 65500.

It accepts only the routes that last pass through AS 65500.

It accepts only the routes forwarded by AS 65500.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
1. Understanding the AS-Path Filter:
* The as-path-filter command is used in BGP to filter routes based on the AS_PATH attribute.
* In this configuration:
* The filter si is defined with the regular expression _65500$.
* The _65500$ expression specifies that the AS_PATH must end with 65500, meaning that the route’s last hop must have passed through AS 65500.
2. Option Analysis:
Option A: It accepts only the routes whose AS_Path contains AS 65500.
* Incorrect.
* The _65500$ filter specifically matches routes where AS 65500 is the last AS in the AS_PATH. A route may contain AS 65500 somewhere in the middle of the AS_PATH but will not match this filter unless it is the last AS.
Option B: It accepts only the routes originated from AS 65500.
* Incorrect.
* Routes that originate from AS 65500 have an AS_PATH that starts with 65500. However, the filter
_65500$ only matches routes where AS 65500 is the last AS, not the first AS.
Option C: It accepts only the routes that last pass through AS 65500.
* Correct.
* The _65500$ filter ensures that the AS_PATH ends with 65500. This means that the route must have last passed through AS 65500 before being received by the local BGP router.
Option D: It accepts only the routes forwarded by AS 65500.
* Incorrect.
* While AS 65500 may forward the route, this is not what the filter _65500$ specifically checks for. It only ensures that AS 65500 is the last AS in the AS_PATH.
3. Summary:
* The as-path-filter with _65500$ accepts only the routes where AS 65500 is the last AS in the AS_PATH.

NEW QUESTION 135
Which of the following methods is usually used by a network administrator to configure a newly purchased device for the first time?

Telnet

SNMP

FTP

For first-time configuration of a newly purchased network device, administrators typically use the console port. This direct connection is secure and independent of network configuration, making it suitable for initial setups. Telnet, SNMP, or FTP require prior IP configuration, which is not feasible during the initial setup phase .

NEW QUESTION 136
On the OSPF network shown in the figure, an adjacency has been established between R1 and R2. An engineer configures the commands in the figure on R2. In this case, which of the following routing entries may exist in the routing table of R2?

10.1.4.0/24

10.1.3.0/24

10.1.2.0/24

10.1.1.0/24

Configuration Analysis:
* On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import On R2, the following configuration has been applied:acl 200rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0rule permit#ospf 1filter-policy 2000 import
* This configuration uses ACL 200 to filter routes during import into the OSPF routing table on R2.
* Rule deny source 10.1.0.0 0.0.3.0: Blocks routes in the range 10.1.0.0/24 to 10.1.3.0/24 (inclusive).
* Rule permit: Allows all other routes to be imported.
* Impact of ACL 200 on Route Import:
* 10.1.0.0/24 to 10.1.3.0/24: These subnets are explicitly denied by ACL 200 and will not appear in R2’s routing table.
* 10.1.4.0/24 and beyond: These subnets are permitted by the rule permit statement and will be imported into R2’s routing table.
* Routing Table Entries on R2:
* Option A (10.1.4.0/24): Exists in R2’s routing table because it is permitted.
* Option B (10.1.3.0/24): Does not exist because it is denied by ACL 200.
* Option C (10.1.2.0/24): Does not exist because it is denied by ACL 200.
* Option D (10.1.1.0/24): Does not exist because it is denied by ACL 200.
* A (10.1.4.0/24)
Correct Options:References:
* HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter: OSPF Route Filtering
* Huawei ACL Configuration for Route Policies

NEW QUESTION 137
Which of the following statements about WLAN roaming are false?

APs with which a STA is associated before and after roaming can work on different channels.

During roaming, the STA sends a Reassociation Request frame containing home AP information to the foreign AP.

During roaming, the STA sends an Association Request frame containing home AP information to the foreign AP.

APs with which a STA is associated before and after roaming must work on the same channel.

During WLAN roaming, the STA sends a Reassociation Request frame to the foreign AP to maintain connectivity. Association frames are used during initial connections, not roaming.
APs with which a STA is associated before and after roaming can work on different channels, as roaming often occurs across channels in environments like multi-SSID or multi-channel setups.Options C and D are false, as they contradict standard WLAN roaming procedures .

NEW QUESTION 138
NETCONF is a network configuration protocol that automates network configuration in a programmable manner, simplifying and accelerating network service deployment. Which of the following operations can be performed by using this protocol?

Modifying configurations

Deleting configurations

Restoring configurations

Backing up configurations

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
1. What is NETCONF?
* NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol) is an XML-based protocol used for network device configuration and management.
* It enables reading, modifying, deleting, and restoring configurations programmatically.
2. Supported Operations:
Option A: Modifying configurations
* Correct.
* NETCONF allows you to modify existing configurations on network devices.
Option B: Deleting configurations
* Correct.
* Configurations can be deleted using NETCONF operations.
Option C: Restoring configurations
* Correct.
* NETCONF can restore configurations by applying previously saved configuration data.
Option D: Backing up configurations
* Correct.
* NETCONF can retrieve and save the current configuration as a backup.
3. Summary:
* NETCONF supports all listed operations: modifying, deleting, restoring, and backing up configurations.

NEW QUESTION 139
As a next-generation wireless technology, Wi-Fi 6 greatly improves bandwidth rate and performance. Which of the following statements is false about the features of Wi-Fi 6?

Uses OFDMA technology to achieve high concurrency.

Realizes zero latency, ensuring efficient service running.

Provides high bandwidth, up to 9.6 Gbps.

Uses TWT technology to reduce terminal power consumption.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
1. Features of Wi-Fi 6:
* Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) introduces several new technologies to improve network efficiency, reduce latency, and optimize power usage:
* OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access): Allows multiple devices to transmit simultaneously, improving concurrency.
* TWT (Target Wake Time): Reduces power consumption by scheduling communication times for devices.
* High Bandwidth: Supports up to 9.6 Gbps, significantly faster than Wi-Fi 5.
2. Why Zero Latency is Incorrect:
* While Wi-Fi 6 reduces latency compared to earlier standards, zero latency is not achievable due to inherent delays in network communication.
* The statement “Realizes zero latency” is misleading and technically inaccurate.
3. Analysis of Each Option:
Option A: Uses OFDMA technology to achieve high concurrency.
* Correct (True Statement).
* OFDMA is a core feature of Wi-Fi 6 that improves concurrent communication.
Option B: Realizes zero latency, ensuring efficient service running.
* Incorrect (False Statement).
* Wi-Fi 6 reduces latency but cannot eliminate it entirely.
Option C: Provides high bandwidth, up to 9.6 Gbps.
* Correct (True Statement).
* Wi-Fi 6 supports a theoretical maximum bandwidth of 9.6 Gbps.
Option D: Uses TWT technology to reduce terminal power consumption.
* Correct (True Statement).
* TWT schedules communication times, allowing devices to enter low-power states and conserve battery life.
4. Summary:
* The false statement is B, as Wi-Fi 6 does not achieve zero latency.

NEW QUESTION 140
The figure shows the VRRP status switchover events. Match these events with their sequence numbers.

Explanation:
1 # A Startup message with a priority of 255 is received.2 # A Startup message with a priority less than 255 is received.3 # A Shutdown message is received.4 # The Master_Down timer expires, an Advertisement packet with the priority of 0 is received, or a packet with a priority lower than the local priority is received.5 # A packet with a priority higher than the local priority is received.6 # A Shutdown message is received.
# Reference: Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, VRRP Status Transitions.

NEW QUESTION 141
What parameters can a DHCP6 server assign to a DHCPv6 client?

Gateway address

DNS server address

IPV6 address/prefix

SNTP server address

* Understanding DHCPv6:
* DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6) is used to assign configuration parameters to IPv6 clients.
* It supports both stateful and stateless modes:
* Stateful: Assigns IPv6 addresses and other configuration parameters.
* Stateless: Assigns only configuration parameters (e.g., DNS server) without providing IPv6 addresses.

NEW QUESTION 142
Route attributes are specific descriptions of routes. BGP route attributes can be classified into four types.
Which of the following are well-known discretionary attributes?

Atomic_Aggregate

Local-Preference

Community

MED

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
1. BGP Attributes Overview:
BGP uses attributes to describe the properties of routes. These attributes are classified into the following categories:
* Well-Known Mandatory: Attributes that must be recognized and included in every BGP update.
Examples: AS_PATH, ORIGIN, NEXT_HOP.
* Well-Known Discretionary: Attributes that must be recognized but are not required in every BGP update. Examples: LOCAL_PREF, ATOMIC_AGGREGATE.
* Optional Transitive: Attributes that may or may not be recognized, but must be passed along to other BGP peers. Examples: COMMUNITY.
* Optional Non-Transitive: Attributes that may or may not be recognized, and are not passed along to other BGP peers. Examples: MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator).
2. Analysis of Each Option:
Option A: Atomic_Aggregate
* Correct.
* This is a well-known discretionary attribute. It indicates that the advertised route is an aggregate route that summarizes multiple specific routes.
Option B: Local-Preference
* Correct.
* This is a well-known discretionary attribute. It is used within an AS to prioritize routes, with higher values being preferred.
Option C: Community
* Incorrect.
* The COMMUNITY attribute is an optional transitive attribute. It is used to tag routes with specific labels to apply routing policies.
Option D: MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator)
* Incorrect.
* The MED attribute is an optional non-transitive attribute. It is used to influence the choice of the preferred path when there are multiple entry points into an AS.
3. Summary:
* Well-Known Discretionary Attributes: Atomic_Aggregate and Local-Preference.

NEW QUESTION 143
A forwarding information database (FIB) can directly guide packet forwarding on a router.

TRUE

FALSE

The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) is derived from the router’s routing table and contains the exact forwarding entries used to route packets. It directly guides packet forwarding decisions by matching incoming packets with the correct output interface or next-hop address .

NEW QUESTION 144
In IGMPv1, querier selection depends on a multicast routing protocol, such as PIM. In IGMPv2 and IGMPv3, the interface with the largest IP address acts as the querier.

TRUE

FALSE

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
* IGMPv1 Querier Selection:
* In IGMPv1, there is no built-in querier election mechanism. Querier selection depends on the multicast routing protocol (e.g., PIM).
* IGMPv2 and IGMPv3 Querier Selection:
* In IGMPv2 and IGMPv3, the router interface with the largest IP address in the multicast group is selected as the querier.
* Correct Statement:
* The statement accurately describes the querier selection mechanisms in IGMP versions.
References:
* HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter: IGMP Querier Mechanism
Huawei Multicast Protocol Comparison

NEW QUESTION 145
Which of the following statements regarding the stateful inspection firewall is true?

When the stateful inspection firewall checks packets, packets of one same connection are not correlated.

Because UDP is a connectionless protocol, so the stateful inspection firewall cannot match UDP packets with the status table.

The stateful inspection firewall only needs to match the first data packet against a rule, and the subsequent packets of the connection are matched directly in the state table.

The stateful inspection firewall needs to match the rules for each incoming packet.

NEW QUESTION 146
When receiving a packet, a Huawei router matches the packet against ACL rules. The default ACL matching order used by the Huawei router is.

Sequential
Explanation:
ACL Matching in Huawei Routers:
* Access Control Lists (ACLs) are used to filter packets based on specific criteria, such as source
/destination IP, ports, or protocols.
* When a packet arrives, the Huawei router processes it against the configured ACL rules to decide whether to permit or deny the packet.

NEW QUESTION 147
On the network shown in the following figure, the management VLAN is VLAN 10, and the AP is configured to obtain an IP address on the network segment 10.1.1.0/24 through DHCP. The AP, AC, and AR function as the DHCP client, DHCP relay agent, and DHCP server, respectively. Which of the following configurations for the DHCP relay agent and DHCP server are correct?

[AC] dhcp server group AP
[AC-dhcp-server-group-AP] dhcp-server 172.21.1.2
[AC-dhcp-server-group-AP] quit
[AC] interface Vlanif 10
[AC-Vlanif 10] dhcp select relay
[AC-Vlanif 10] dhcp relay server-select AP
[AC-Vlanif 10] quit

[AR] ip pool AP
[AR-ip-pool-AP] network 10.1.1.0 mask 24
[AR-ip-pool-AP] gateway-list 10.1.1.2
[AR-ip-pool-AP] excluded-ip-address 10.1.1.1
[AR-ip-pool-AP] quit
[AR] interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR-GigabitEthernetO/O/1] dhcp select global
[AR-GigabitEthernet0/0/l] quit
[AR] ip route-static 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.21.1.1

[AR] ip pool AP
[AR-ip-pool-AP] network 172.21.1.0 mask 24
[AR-ip-pool-AP] gateway-list 172.21.1.2
[AR-ip-pool-AP] excluded-ip-address 172.21.1.1
[AR-ip-pool-AP] quit
[AR] interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR-GigabitEthernetO/0/1] dhcp select global
[AR-GigabitEthernetO/0/1] quit
[AR] ip route-static 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.21.1.1

[AC] dhcp server group AP
[AC-dhcp-server-group-AP] dhcp-server 10.1.1.2
[AC-dhcp-server-group-AP] quit
[AC] interface Vlanif 10
[AC-Vlanif 10] dhcp select relay
[AC-Vlanif 10] dhcp relay server-select AP
[AC-VlaniflO] quit

Option A correctly configures the DHCP relay agent (AC) to forward requests to the DHCP server using VLAN 10.Option B correctly configures the DHCP server (AR) with the correct IP pool (10.1.1.0/24), gateway, and excluded IP addresses. The static route to 10.1.1.0 through 172.21.1.1 ensures proper routing .
=========

NEW QUESTION 148
On an OSPF network, if two routers with the same router ID run in different areas and one of the routers is an ASBR, LSA flapping occurs.

TRUE

FALSE

Understanding Router ID and Its Role in OSPF:
In OSPF, the Router ID uniquely identifies a router within the OSPF domain. If two routers are configured with the same Router ID, it can lead to issues such as LSA conflicts and flapping. This is because the Router ID is used as a key in OSPF operations, including LSA generation and database synchronization.
HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Training Material (OSPF Basics – Router ID and LSA Handling).
Scenario Details:
Different Areas: Even if the two routers belong to different areas, the Router ID remains globally significant in the OSPF domain. This means that any duplication of Router IDs will confuse OSPF mechanisms.
ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router): When one of the routers is an ASBR, it generates Type 4 and Type 5 LSAs to describe external routes. These LSAs use the Router ID asan identifier. If another router in the network has the same Router ID, conflicts occur during LSDB synchronization.
Reference:HCIP-Datacom Advanced Routing & Switching Technology (LSA Types and ASBR Operations).
Impact of Router ID Duplication:
LSA Flapping: The OSPF process receives conflicting LSAs from routers with the same Router ID. This results in continuous updates and withdrawals of these LSAs, causing flapping.
Routing Instability: LSA flapping leads to frequent recalculations of the OSPF shortest path tree (SPT), affecting overall network stability.
Reference:HCIE-Datacom V1.0 Training Material (OSPF Troubleshooting and Best Practices).
Conclusion:
The statement isTRUE. LSA flapping occurs when two routers in an OSPF network have the same Router ID, even if they are in different areas and one is an ASBR. This is due to the global significance of Router IDs in OSPF and the role they play in LSA generation and propagation.

NEW QUESTION 149
On Huawei switches, which of the following planes provides network information and forwarding entries that are mandatory for data plane forwarding?

Forwarding plane

Control plane

Data plane

Monitoring plane

Comprehensive and Detailed in-depth Step-by-Step Explanation:
To understand this question, let’s first review the functional planes in network devices, particularly Huawei switches:
Control Plane:
The control plane is responsible for generating and maintaining routing tables and forwarding entries.
It uses protocols like OSPF, BGP, and RIP to exchange routing information with other network devices. Once the routing information is processed, it installs forwarding entries into the forwarding plane for actual packet forwarding.
On Huawei switches, the control plane is mandatory for building and updating the forwarding table. Without it, the data plane cannot forward traffic correctly.
Forwarding Plane (or Data Plane):
This plane handles the actual forwarding of packets based on the forwarding table created by the control plane.
The forwarding plane operates at high speed to ensure that traffic flows efficiently.
Monitoring Plane:
This plane is responsible for network management and monitoring. It gathers statistics and provides tools for troubleshooting and visibility.
In this case,the control plane provides the routing information and forwarding entries required for the data plane to perform packet forwarding.Therefore, the correct answer isB. Control plane.
References:
Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter on “Switch Architecture and Planes”.
Huawei Official Documentation on Switching and Routing Basics.

NEW QUESTION 150
On an STP network, the root bridge, root port, and designated port are elected in sequence. The election rules of these ports are different. List the steps for electing the root port in sequence.

Explanation:
The sequence of steps for electing the root port in an STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) network is as follows:
* Bridge ID Comparison: The Bridge ID (BID) is compared between the bridges in the network. A smaller value indicates a higher priority, meaning the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is elected as the root bridge.
* RPC (Root Path Cost) Comparison: The path cost to reach the root bridge is calculated. The router with the lowest Root Path Cost (RPC) to the root bridge will have a higher priority for the election of the root port.
* Peer BID Comparison: If there is a tie in the Root Path Cost, the Peer BID is compared. A smaller Peer BID indicates a higher priority. This step ensures that if two routers have the same RPC, the one with the lower Peer Bridge ID wins.
* Local BID Comparison: If there is still a tie, the Local BID is compared. A smaller Local BID indicates a higher priority. This final step ensures that the router with the lowest local identifier is selected.
* Bridge ID Comparison:The first step in electing the root port is comparing the Bridge IDs. The bridge with the lowest Bridge ID becomes the root bridge. The Bridge ID is made up of the bridge priority and MAC address. The root bridge is the center of the network for STP, and all other ports will calculate their paths based on this root.

NEW QUESTION 151
Which of the following statements regarding DR/BDR are false?

In a broadcast network, DR and BDR must be elected. A broadcast network without a DR or BDR cannot operate normally.

DR others listen on the multicast address 224.0.0.5.

All DR others establish neighbor relationships with DR and BDR only.

DR others listen on the network address 224.0.0.6.

NEW QUESTION 152
A router uses an advanced ACL to filter data. The ACL configuration is shown below. Which of the following statements is false about the configuration?
csharp
CopyEdit
[Huawei] acl 3001
[Huawei-acl-adv-3001] rule permit icmp source 192.168.1.3 0 destination 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255

The ACL permits ICMP packets from host 192.168.1.3 to host 192.168.2.200.

The ACL denies ICMP packets from host 192.168.1.2 to network segment 192.168.2.0/24.

The ACL permits IP packets from host 192.168.1.3 to network segment 192.168.2.0/24.

The ACL is a numbered ACL whose number is 3001.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:
* Understanding the ACL Configuration:
* ACL Number: 3001 is an advanced ACL.
* Rule Description: The rule permits ICMP packets with the following criteria:
* Source IP: 192.168.1.3 (host-specific).
* Destination IP: 192.168.2.0/24 (entire subnet).
* Analysis of Each Option:
* Option A: True. ICMP packets from 192.168.1.3 to 192.168.2.200 (within the subnet) are permitted.
* Option B: True. Packets from 192.168.1.2 (not matching the source) are denied by default.
* Option C: False. The ACL only permits ICMP packets, not general IP packets.
* Option D: True. The ACL is identified by the number 3001.
References:
* HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter: ACL Filtering Rules
* Huawei Advanced ACL Configuration

NEW QUESTION 153
Which Of the following IEEE 802.11 standards is also known as Wi-Fi 6?

802.11ac

802.11n

802.11ax

802.11b

NEW QUESTION 154
Huawei modular devices have multiple hardware modules that provide different functions. Match the following hardware modules with their functions.

Explanation:
The hardware modules of Huawei modular devices and their functions are:
* Main Processing Unit (MPU): Provides control and management planes for the entire system, responsible for protocol processing, system security, and software upgrades.
* Switch Fabric Unit (SFU): Provides the data plane, enabling high-speed data switching between service modules.
* Line Processing Unit (LPU): Manages data forwarding, offering various interfaces (optical and electrical) for data access.

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